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[Music]

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from an early age i saw images of the

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earth from above

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and you just realize how much is going

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on in the ocean the variability that's

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there the changes that are occurring

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it really became a passion of mine to

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understand what's happening in the ocean

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my name has been hamilton and i'm

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studying sea level rise from space

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so sea level rise is really interesting

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because the impacts are local but it's a

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global problem so

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i've done a lot of work looking at sea

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level rise in particular locations

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but on much broader scales and with the

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satellites we have this global view

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so here we can see the satellites

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orbiting the earth and where they are

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right now having overlap between the

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different missions allows us to make a

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direct comparison

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it's really the information we gain from

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all these satellites that tell us about

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sea level change and allow us to get an

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understanding of what's happening on an

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entire

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climate system and that really long

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record that'll exceed 30 years with the

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sentinel-6 satellite

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allows us to have a better understanding

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of how the earth's climate is changing

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so this is an animation of the sentinel

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6 spacecraft and how it collects

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information about the the sea surface

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you can see the radar pulse that's

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bounced off the surface of the ocean

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that measures the time it takes for that

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pulse to get back and from that we can

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pull out

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the measurement of sea surface height

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it's not just scientific curiosity it

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really impacts the daily lives of people

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and their ability to plan for their

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future

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as i started to live in coastal areas

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and see flooding that was occurring

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i got to see firsthand the effects of

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sea level rise and climate change

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you start to realize the importance of

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understanding what sea level is doing

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now

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what sea level might be doing in the

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hi i'm richard finoeva with nasa's

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jet propulsion laboratory in southern

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california

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now you may know nasa best for exploring

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other planets

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but we are also keeping a close eye on

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our own planet earth

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nasa is about to launch the usn european

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sentinel 6 michael frylak satellite this

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satellite aims to collect the most

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accurate data yet on sea level and how

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it changes over time

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jpl manages the sentinel 6 michael

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freilick mission for

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nasa ben hamilton is a research

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scientist here at jpl who is studying

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the rate at which the ocean is rising

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and he joins us live today to answer

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your questions

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if you have any questions you'd like to

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ask you can leave them right

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here in the comments or post them to

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social media with the hashtag

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seeing the seas now thank you so much

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for joining us today ben

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great thanks for having me i'm excited

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to answer some questions about this

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great satellite mission

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great let's get started so how will you

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use the data collected from the sentinel

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6 mycophyllic satellite

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so the satellite gives us a measurement

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of what we call sea surface height so it

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measures the height of the ocean from

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space

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and it's actually an incredible

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measurement that's being made so from

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way up

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on orbit above the ocean we can get an

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idea of the height of

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the sea level to an accuracy of about

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one inch so it's really an incredible

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measurement

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and what we're able to do with this is

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really monitor how the ocean is changing

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on a wide range of time scales

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so every 10 days or so we get a complete

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view of the global ocean from these

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these satellites

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and from that we can identify how sea

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level is changing on

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these relatively short time scales so on

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the order of say

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months to years but then when you start

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to build up this satellite record

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you can really start to infer or

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understand how sea level is changing on

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longer time scales

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and why is it so important to

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study sea level and can you get a little

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bit more into how it's done from space

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yeah so as i mentioned in the video sea

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level is the impacts of sea level rise

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are local

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so we feel these on a local level

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coastal communities are the ones that

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are really feeling the impacts of sea

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level rise

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but sea level science and understanding

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sea level science is a global problem

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the processes that are impacting that

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cause sea level to change are global in

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nature

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so this really broad view of the ocean

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we have from satellites is critical to

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understanding how sea level is changing

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both now using that understanding that

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we have now

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to understand how sea level is going to

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to change in the future

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so this observation comes from the

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satellite through a relatively simple

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concept so the satellite sends a radar

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pulse down to the surface of the ocean

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that radar pulse bounces off the surface

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of the ocean and

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returns to the satellite and we can

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measure the time it takes for that pulse

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to get to the ocean and return to the

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satellite

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from that we can figure out exactly

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how high the sea level is at any given

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time and that makes it sound a little

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bit easy it's actually pretty complex

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everything else that goes into that that

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measurement because as that radar pulse

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travels

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through the earth's atmosphere and

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interacts with the ocean a number of

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things happen to it so

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it's delayed the timing is affected uh

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when it bounces off the surface of the

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ocean

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everywhere so it interacts with the

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ocean surface in different ways

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so we have to make all these different

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corrections to that observation or to

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that um

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that radar pulse and the timing in order

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to get to the accuracy that we actually

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have for the uh for the satellite

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altimeter measurements

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and then the other piece of that is we

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need to know very accurately where the

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satellite actually is

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um that may seem like kind of a

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no-brainer but at any given time you

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really need to know where it is

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in reference to uh to the ocean so with

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all these different measurements um

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and corrections we make we eventually

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get to that sea surface height

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observation and again the accuracy

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that's down to about an inch all the way

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up from

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from orbit above the surface of the

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ocean

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great and then can you talk a little bit

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more about how changing sea levels

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impact coastal towns or cities in the

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future

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yeah so there's a number of ways that um

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rising sea levels impact coastal

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communities so

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one of these that has been in the news a

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lot lately is is through increased storm

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surge so

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basically you can treat the sea level

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rise that we've been seeing as an

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increase in the baseline over which

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these storms

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travel so with higher sea levels in

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these coastal areas

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a storm moves over top of it and the

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storm surge that you feel from these

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hurricanes and larger storms

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is just that much greater than it was

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previously the other way that we see

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the impacts of higher sea level is

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through something called high tide

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flooding

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that occurs at high tides

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so these coastal communities were built

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knowing where high tide typically is so

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many years ago

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we built up these different areas

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expecting high tide to be in a certain

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place

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and again now with that increase in that

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foundation of sea level through

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long-term sea level rise

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we've increased the height of high tide

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so now what was

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uh before a relatively safe high tide

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with no coastal flooding now it doesn't

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really take much to get past

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that threshold from a normal high tide

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and to flooding

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uh conditions um so sea level rises is

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already impacting these coastal

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coastal communities it's a problem now

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it's worsening

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and it's expected to worsen in the

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future and more areas that aren't

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necessarily

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experiencing coastal flooding or sea

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level rise impacts now

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likely will in the future as sea level

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continues to increase

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and before this broadcast we kind of

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talked about for how you had

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first-hand experience seeing this so can

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you talk more about your personal

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journey

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that led you to this mission yeah up

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until about two years ago before i

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started working at the jet propulsion

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laboratory i was living in coastal

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virginia and a city called norfolk

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virginia

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and we my wife and family and i bought a

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house across the street from a coastal

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inlet and a few times a year we'd see

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that water come creeping across the

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neighbor's yard on the other side of the

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street

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into the road it was something that we

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really got to experience

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firsthand the sea level rise impacts and

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the coastal flooding that some of these

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communities around the world are seeing

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so the the flooding is not necessarily

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catastrophic but it just becomes

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part of your day-to-day life so it

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impacts your ability to

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get to work maybe you have to go a

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different route than you're used to

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it can impact where you park your car

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certainly you don't want to keep your

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car parked in an area where

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it might get flooded it's just something

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that you have to learn to adapt to

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and plan for as part of your everyday

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life so

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again with this firsthand experience i

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started to understand exactly what it

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meant

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to try to understand sea level and the

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importance of doing so

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so as part of my time in norfolk and

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these coastal communities i had

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the chance to interact and work a lot

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with coastal planners and decision

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makers

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and understand their science needs what

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do they really need in terms of

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information to make good plans for the

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future

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and to ensure these coastal communities

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are able to live

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life successfully and happily into the

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future so

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taking that information we can take it

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all the way back to the observations

288
00:10:06,230 --> 00:10:04,399
that we make from these satellites

289
00:10:07,590 --> 00:10:06,240
understanding exactly what information

290
00:10:08,870 --> 00:10:07,600
they need trying to improve our

291
00:10:10,790 --> 00:10:08,880
understanding now

292
00:10:12,470 --> 00:10:10,800
of of what sea level is doing and again

293
00:10:13,990 --> 00:10:12,480
these satellites including the sentinel

294
00:10:16,069 --> 00:10:14,000
six michael frylick satellite

295
00:10:18,150 --> 00:10:16,079
are critical to that uh that mission of

296
00:10:19,750 --> 00:10:18,160
trying to understand sea level rise now

297
00:10:21,750 --> 00:10:19,760
and once we understand the processes

298
00:10:24,790 --> 00:10:21,760
that are driving sea level change now

299
00:10:26,150 --> 00:10:24,800
we can use that understanding to project

300
00:10:29,110 --> 00:10:26,160
out to understand what might be

301
00:10:30,949 --> 00:10:29,120
happening to sea level in the future

302
00:10:32,550 --> 00:10:30,959
well thank you for answering those are

303
00:10:34,310 --> 00:10:32,560
my questions ben we're going to get to

304
00:10:35,990 --> 00:10:34,320
some social media questions now for you

305
00:10:39,509 --> 00:10:36,000
to answer

306
00:10:41,590 --> 00:10:39,519
and the first one sounds good it's from

307
00:10:43,509 --> 00:10:41,600
moon to mars on twitter and they are

308
00:10:45,910 --> 00:10:43,519
asking will you be able to use

309
00:10:46,790 --> 00:10:45,920
any data from other nasa missions

310
00:10:50,150 --> 00:10:46,800
studying ice

311
00:10:51,590 --> 00:10:50,160
for your water measurement yeah that's

312
00:10:53,030 --> 00:10:51,600
that's a really good question so we have

313
00:10:56,310 --> 00:10:53,040
this whole observation

314
00:10:58,069 --> 00:10:56,320
network of satellites and situ

315
00:10:59,190 --> 00:10:58,079
observations that we use to understand

316
00:11:01,750 --> 00:10:59,200
sea level so

317
00:11:03,509 --> 00:11:01,760
a lot of these satellites allow us to

318
00:11:06,710 --> 00:11:03,519
understand specific processes

319
00:11:08,550 --> 00:11:06,720
that affect sea level so it's although

320
00:11:09,990 --> 00:11:08,560
the altimeters measure total sea level

321
00:11:11,990 --> 00:11:10,000
or sea surface height

322
00:11:13,750 --> 00:11:12,000
we like to try to understand exactly

323
00:11:15,670 --> 00:11:13,760
what processes what physical processes

324
00:11:17,509 --> 00:11:15,680
are actually contributing to that change

325
00:11:18,790 --> 00:11:17,519
in sea surface height that we see

326
00:11:20,550 --> 00:11:18,800
so just to name a couple of these

327
00:11:21,750 --> 00:11:20,560
satellites the grace follow on satellite

328
00:11:23,829 --> 00:11:21,760
for instance

329
00:11:24,790 --> 00:11:23,839
gives us really good measurements of the

330
00:11:28,389 --> 00:11:24,800
change in

331
00:11:30,230 --> 00:11:28,399
ice over glaciers and the ice sheets

332
00:11:31,990 --> 00:11:30,240
and from that we know that the water

333
00:11:34,630 --> 00:11:32,000
when it melts it goes into the ocean

334
00:11:36,470 --> 00:11:34,640
it gets distributed about the world's

335
00:11:37,750 --> 00:11:36,480
oceans in different ways

336
00:11:39,350 --> 00:11:37,760
and then from that we can make better

337
00:11:41,030 --> 00:11:39,360
sense of the observations we have from

338
00:11:43,670 --> 00:11:41,040
the satellite altimeters

339
00:11:45,190 --> 00:11:43,680
icesat-2 is another example icesat-2 is

340
00:11:47,509 --> 00:11:45,200
actually capable of measuring

341
00:11:48,630 --> 00:11:47,519
sea surface height it's a little bit of

342
00:11:50,150 --> 00:11:48,640
a different measurement than what we see

343
00:11:51,590 --> 00:11:50,160
from the radar altimeters from

344
00:11:53,190 --> 00:11:51,600
706 michael freilick but it's

345
00:11:55,430 --> 00:11:53,200
complementary and allows us to really

346
00:11:57,190 --> 00:11:55,440
understand how sea level is changing

347
00:11:58,470 --> 00:11:57,200
on different resolutions so on different

348
00:11:59,910 --> 00:11:58,480
spatial scales

349
00:12:01,269 --> 00:11:59,920
i'm getting closer to the coast

350
00:12:03,030 --> 00:12:01,279
understanding how sea level is changing

351
00:12:04,870 --> 00:12:03,040
very close to the coast

352
00:12:06,230 --> 00:12:04,880
and i i obviously just named two

353
00:12:07,829 --> 00:12:06,240
satellites but there's a whole

354
00:12:10,310 --> 00:12:07,839
again a whole network of observations

355
00:12:11,910 --> 00:12:10,320
that we rely on in addition to

356
00:12:13,670 --> 00:12:11,920
our solid altimeter measurements to

357
00:12:15,990 --> 00:12:13,680
really understand what's happening

358
00:12:18,069 --> 00:12:16,000
in the ocean and happening in sea level

359
00:12:19,590 --> 00:12:18,079
change

360
00:12:21,829 --> 00:12:19,600
and that actually kind of leads me into

361
00:12:23,269 --> 00:12:21,839
this next question from cody on youtube

362
00:12:24,949 --> 00:12:23,279
who asked do you know

363
00:12:28,150 --> 00:12:24,959
how many of these sentinel satellites

364
00:12:31,269 --> 00:12:28,160
will be deployed in orbit

365
00:12:32,790 --> 00:12:31,279
yeah so um in terms of this kind of core

366
00:12:34,629 --> 00:12:32,800
satellite altimeter mission there's

367
00:12:36,389 --> 00:12:34,639
going to be this the sentinel 6a michael

368
00:12:37,910 --> 00:12:36,399
freilick which we're discussing here

369
00:12:39,829 --> 00:12:37,920
and in a few years i think the

370
00:12:41,430 --> 00:12:39,839
anticipated launch date is 2025 we'll

371
00:12:43,590 --> 00:12:41,440
have the cindel 6b

372
00:12:45,110 --> 00:12:43,600
um satellite altimeter which is going to

373
00:12:47,190 --> 00:12:45,120
launch and with

374
00:12:48,470 --> 00:12:47,200
this whole suite of saturday altimeters

375
00:12:50,150 --> 00:12:48,480
so the first

376
00:12:52,150 --> 00:12:50,160
kind of modern era satellite altimeter

377
00:12:53,350 --> 00:12:52,160
was launched in 1992 was the topex

378
00:12:55,670 --> 00:12:53,360
poseidon satellite

379
00:12:56,710 --> 00:12:55,680
from there we had jason one jason two

380
00:12:59,030 --> 00:12:56,720
jason three

381
00:13:00,949 --> 00:12:59,040
and then on up to the sentinel six um

382
00:13:02,629 --> 00:13:00,959
six six eight michael freilich

383
00:13:04,710 --> 00:13:02,639
so with this satellite we're gonna pass

384
00:13:06,470 --> 00:13:04,720
three decades in length

385
00:13:08,470 --> 00:13:06,480
with senel6b we're going to start to

386
00:13:10,949 --> 00:13:08,480
approach four decades in length

387
00:13:12,629 --> 00:13:10,959
and that long continuous record we have

388
00:13:13,509 --> 00:13:12,639
from the satellite altimeters is really

389
00:13:16,150 --> 00:13:13,519
important

390
00:13:17,750 --> 00:13:16,160
um so with that long record we can start

391
00:13:19,350 --> 00:13:17,760
to separate what might be natural

392
00:13:20,550 --> 00:13:19,360
oscillations in sea level from what

393
00:13:21,990 --> 00:13:20,560
might be

394
00:13:24,310 --> 00:13:22,000
the sea level rise associated with

395
00:13:25,750 --> 00:13:24,320
global warming or anthropogenic effects

396
00:13:27,030 --> 00:13:25,760
so there's all these different signals

397
00:13:28,949 --> 00:13:27,040
that cause sea level to change on

398
00:13:31,829 --> 00:13:28,959
shorter time scales

399
00:13:33,350 --> 00:13:31,839
to name a few one in particular el nino

400
00:13:35,350 --> 00:13:33,360
is one that many have heard of so el

401
00:13:36,949 --> 00:13:35,360
nino can cause very large changes in the

402
00:13:40,150 --> 00:13:36,959
pacific ocean

403
00:13:41,670 --> 00:13:40,160
to occur on a year-to-year basis

404
00:13:43,189 --> 00:13:41,680
and we're interested and certainly

405
00:13:44,150 --> 00:13:43,199
interested in observing that but we also

406
00:13:46,310 --> 00:13:44,160
want to separate

407
00:13:47,750 --> 00:13:46,320
that signal those natural oscillations

408
00:13:49,110 --> 00:13:47,760
from longer term

409
00:13:50,470 --> 00:13:49,120
sea level rise that's really critical

410
00:13:51,990 --> 00:13:50,480
from a planning perspective we want to

411
00:13:53,910 --> 00:13:52,000
know what sea level might be

412
00:13:55,509 --> 00:13:53,920
many years into the future so this long

413
00:13:56,710 --> 00:13:55,519
continuous record that we have from the

414
00:13:58,310 --> 00:13:56,720
satellite altimetry

415
00:14:00,230 --> 00:13:58,320
is really hugely important from a

416
00:14:02,550 --> 00:14:00,240
scientific perspective

417
00:14:04,150 --> 00:14:02,560
so it yeah again to answer your question

418
00:14:07,590 --> 00:14:04,160
those are kind of the next two in this

419
00:14:09,750 --> 00:14:07,600
this train of um of modern altimeters

420
00:14:11,829 --> 00:14:09,760
and how much data how many years worth

421
00:14:13,990 --> 00:14:11,839
of data would you like to see personally

422
00:14:15,590 --> 00:14:14,000
come through

423
00:14:17,590 --> 00:14:15,600
i mean the longer we can keep this

424
00:14:19,269 --> 00:14:17,600
record going the the better i mean

425
00:14:21,189 --> 00:14:19,279
the easier these problems become

426
00:14:23,189 --> 00:14:21,199
scientifically i've done a lot of work

427
00:14:25,030 --> 00:14:23,199
myself looking at tie gauges and trying

428
00:14:26,389 --> 00:14:25,040
to give context to the satellite record

429
00:14:27,509 --> 00:14:26,399
using tie gauges

430
00:14:29,189 --> 00:14:27,519
tie gauges are very difficult

431
00:14:30,389 --> 00:14:29,199
observations to use just because they're

432
00:14:31,990 --> 00:14:30,399
so sparse

433
00:14:33,509 --> 00:14:32,000
and they're obviously located on land

434
00:14:35,030 --> 00:14:33,519
that's where tie gauges are located so

435
00:14:37,110 --> 00:14:35,040
you get different effects that

436
00:14:38,389 --> 00:14:37,120
cause trends at those tie gauge

437
00:14:39,590 --> 00:14:38,399
locations so it's a very difficult

438
00:14:41,110 --> 00:14:39,600
comparison to make

439
00:14:42,629 --> 00:14:41,120
but these are active research efforts

440
00:14:44,949 --> 00:14:42,639
and really the whole goal here is to try

441
00:14:47,030 --> 00:14:44,959
to understand how sea level has changed

442
00:14:48,230 --> 00:14:47,040
over as long a period as possible

443
00:14:50,310 --> 00:14:48,240
so then when we're talking about our

444
00:14:52,069 --> 00:14:50,320
satellite record we can get better

445
00:14:53,590 --> 00:14:52,079
context to it and understand the changes

446
00:14:55,030 --> 00:14:53,600
we're seeing now and how they differ

447
00:14:57,110 --> 00:14:55,040
from changes in the past

448
00:14:58,389 --> 00:14:57,120
now if we have a nice long record from

449
00:15:00,710 --> 00:14:58,399
the side altimetry

450
00:15:02,550 --> 00:15:00,720
specifically then we don't have to to

451
00:15:03,829 --> 00:15:02,560
rely quite to the same extent on tie

452
00:15:05,509 --> 00:15:03,839
gauges and doing these

453
00:15:07,189 --> 00:15:05,519
harder studies we can look directly at

454
00:15:08,710 --> 00:15:07,199
the satellite record it's a very

455
00:15:09,670 --> 00:15:08,720
accurate observation we have really good

456
00:15:11,590 --> 00:15:09,680
estimates of how

457
00:15:12,949 --> 00:15:11,600
sea level is changing both globally and

458
00:15:15,350 --> 00:15:12,959
regionally and

459
00:15:16,870 --> 00:15:15,360
then we can uh can use that again to

460
00:15:18,069 --> 00:15:16,880
understand what's happening now and then

461
00:15:18,790 --> 00:15:18,079
understand what's happening into the

462
00:15:20,470 --> 00:15:18,800
future

463
00:15:21,990 --> 00:15:20,480
so to answer your question as long as

464
00:15:23,269 --> 00:15:22,000
possible if we could keep keep this

465
00:15:26,150 --> 00:15:23,279
record going i think it would be a great

466
00:15:29,590 --> 00:15:26,160
help scientifically

467
00:15:31,430 --> 00:15:29,600
and robert and tina on youtube kind of

468
00:15:33,030 --> 00:15:31,440
have a follow-up question from what i

469
00:15:35,670 --> 00:15:33,040
asked have past

470
00:15:37,590 --> 00:15:35,680
c-level records been compared to current

471
00:15:39,269 --> 00:15:37,600
ones

472
00:15:41,269 --> 00:15:39,279
yeah so i touched on this a little bit

473
00:15:42,629 --> 00:15:41,279
so a very active area of research is

474
00:15:45,189 --> 00:15:42,639
comparing

475
00:15:46,790 --> 00:15:45,199
tie gauge records to the satellite

476
00:15:47,749 --> 00:15:46,800
records and we see from the the

477
00:15:49,590 --> 00:15:47,759
satellite records

478
00:15:51,269 --> 00:15:49,600
and that comparison to the tie gauges

479
00:15:52,870 --> 00:15:51,279
that the rate of sea level rise on

480
00:15:54,310 --> 00:15:52,880
global scales has really

481
00:15:56,389 --> 00:15:54,320
increased compared to what we see what

482
00:15:58,870 --> 00:15:56,399
we have seen over the 20th century

483
00:16:01,030 --> 00:15:58,880
so again doing that comparison we really

484
00:16:03,269 --> 00:16:01,040
do um do understand how sea level

485
00:16:04,870 --> 00:16:03,279
is the the era of sea level rise that

486
00:16:06,470 --> 00:16:04,880
we're in now is somewhat unique at least

487
00:16:08,069 --> 00:16:06,480
in terms of the 20th century

488
00:16:09,749 --> 00:16:08,079
there's other efforts research efforts

489
00:16:11,990 --> 00:16:09,759
that go further back beyond

490
00:16:13,269 --> 00:16:12,000
the the beginning of the 20th century

491
00:16:15,269 --> 00:16:13,279
i'm not necessarily an expert on those

492
00:16:16,550 --> 00:16:15,279
so i won't speak to those directly but

493
00:16:18,870 --> 00:16:16,560
there are a lot of different ways that

494
00:16:19,430 --> 00:16:18,880
we can take observations of the past and

495
00:16:21,030 --> 00:16:19,440
try to

496
00:16:23,509 --> 00:16:21,040
give context to what we see during the

497
00:16:25,509 --> 00:16:23,519
satellite era

498
00:16:26,870 --> 00:16:25,519
and then scott on youtube has a

499
00:16:27,829 --> 00:16:26,880
different sort of question he wants to

500
00:16:30,550 --> 00:16:27,839
know

501
00:16:34,150 --> 00:16:30,560
will this same radar technology pick up

502
00:16:38,870 --> 00:16:36,230
i'm not aware of it being used for uh

503
00:16:40,870 --> 00:16:38,880
for animal migration uh the um

504
00:16:42,470 --> 00:16:40,880
effect of spatial resolution of the

505
00:16:44,310 --> 00:16:42,480
satellite altimeters is not really

506
00:16:45,990 --> 00:16:44,320
uh useful for for that kind of

507
00:16:47,189 --> 00:16:46,000
observation for that kind of very very

508
00:16:50,069 --> 00:16:47,199
fine scale

509
00:16:50,870 --> 00:16:50,079
um observation some of the future

510
00:16:52,550 --> 00:16:50,880
altimeters

511
00:16:54,230 --> 00:16:52,560
uh there's one called the surface water

512
00:16:54,949 --> 00:16:54,240
and ocean topography mission which is

513
00:16:56,069 --> 00:16:54,959
coming up

514
00:16:58,629 --> 00:16:56,079
in a few years that's going to be much

515
00:17:00,870 --> 00:16:58,639
higher resolution observations of the

516
00:17:02,470 --> 00:17:00,880
um of the ocean still not uh not to the

517
00:17:03,110 --> 00:17:02,480
point where we'd see animal migration

518
00:17:06,069 --> 00:17:03,120
but

519
00:17:07,909 --> 00:17:06,079
um yeah we we certainly do try to get as

520
00:17:09,189 --> 00:17:07,919
high resolution observation as possible

521
00:17:11,350 --> 00:17:09,199
that allow us to see some of those

522
00:17:13,909 --> 00:17:11,360
smaller scale features

523
00:17:16,549 --> 00:17:13,919
and then dan on youtube is asking are

524
00:17:18,789 --> 00:17:16,559
you able to measure rising co2 levels in

525
00:17:21,429 --> 00:17:18,799
the ocean

526
00:17:22,390 --> 00:17:21,439
so not with um the satellites that we

527
00:17:24,150 --> 00:17:22,400
typically have

528
00:17:25,909 --> 00:17:24,160
or the satellite tumors that we've had

529
00:17:27,270 --> 00:17:25,919
over the past few years so

530
00:17:28,950 --> 00:17:27,280
we rely on other complementary

531
00:17:30,950 --> 00:17:28,960
observations from other satellites in

532
00:17:32,710 --> 00:17:30,960
order to make this

533
00:17:33,990 --> 00:17:32,720
make these observations and to

534
00:17:35,909 --> 00:17:34,000
understand sea level

535
00:17:37,750 --> 00:17:35,919
um the cindel 6a michael freilix

536
00:17:38,950 --> 00:17:37,760
satellite is um

537
00:17:40,230 --> 00:17:38,960
a little bit different than the past

538
00:17:42,070 --> 00:17:40,240
satellites it is making additional

539
00:17:42,549 --> 00:17:42,080
observations including some observations

540
00:17:45,430 --> 00:17:42,559
of the

541
00:17:46,950 --> 00:17:45,440
the atmosphere um so it is providing

542
00:17:48,150 --> 00:17:46,960
additional detail beyond what we had in

543
00:17:49,590 --> 00:17:48,160
the other satellite missions

544
00:17:51,110 --> 00:17:49,600
again that's a little outside there my

545
00:17:53,270 --> 00:17:51,120
area of expertise where i focus

546
00:17:54,789 --> 00:17:53,280
predominantly on sea level

547
00:17:57,270 --> 00:17:54,799
thanks for trying to answer that and

548
00:18:00,230 --> 00:17:57,280
elizabeth on youtube is asking

549
00:18:01,190 --> 00:18:00,240
are you looking mostly at coastal sea

550
00:18:04,470 --> 00:18:01,200
levels

551
00:18:06,390 --> 00:18:04,480
or are areas far from land also of

552
00:18:09,510 --> 00:18:06,400
interest

553
00:18:10,630 --> 00:18:09,520
yeah that's a great question so

554
00:18:12,789 --> 00:18:10,640
maybe it goes back to what i said

555
00:18:13,430 --> 00:18:12,799
earlier that the impacts of sea level

556
00:18:16,230 --> 00:18:13,440
rise

557
00:18:17,669 --> 00:18:16,240
are local and coastal so obviously we're

558
00:18:18,150 --> 00:18:17,679
very concerned about the sea level

559
00:18:19,830 --> 00:18:18,160
signal

560
00:18:21,350 --> 00:18:19,840
that gets expressed at the coast how sea

561
00:18:22,630 --> 00:18:21,360
level is rising the actual coast because

562
00:18:23,830 --> 00:18:22,640
that tells us something about how these

563
00:18:25,590 --> 00:18:23,840
coastal communities are going to be

564
00:18:28,230 --> 00:18:25,600
impacted into the future

565
00:18:29,990 --> 00:18:28,240
but the processes that affect sea level

566
00:18:32,150 --> 00:18:30,000
rise are really large scale

567
00:18:34,549 --> 00:18:32,160
a lot of them are very large scale so

568
00:18:35,909 --> 00:18:34,559
again as an example el nino for instance

569
00:18:39,190 --> 00:18:35,919
that's really a pacific

570
00:18:40,789 --> 00:18:39,200
ocean basin wide effect that causes sea

571
00:18:43,590 --> 00:18:40,799
level rise

572
00:18:45,669 --> 00:18:43,600
on very very large scales so we we

573
00:18:46,150 --> 00:18:45,679
really need to have this very big global

574
00:18:47,669 --> 00:18:46,160
view

575
00:18:49,110 --> 00:18:47,679
of the ocean that these satellites

576
00:18:51,510 --> 00:18:49,120
provide in order to understand the

577
00:18:54,390 --> 00:18:51,520
processes and how that gets communicated

578
00:18:55,750 --> 00:18:54,400
to the coast so our view of sea level

579
00:18:57,430 --> 00:18:55,760
and our study of sea level is really

580
00:18:58,630 --> 00:18:57,440
global in nature and then we do whatever

581
00:18:59,909 --> 00:18:58,640
we can to take that

582
00:19:01,990 --> 00:18:59,919
global view and that global

583
00:19:04,630 --> 00:19:02,000
understanding and translate it to what's

584
00:19:07,110 --> 00:19:04,640
actually happening at the coast

585
00:19:08,870 --> 00:19:07,120
now michael on youtube is asking for a

586
00:19:09,830 --> 00:19:08,880
very specific location does the

587
00:19:12,950 --> 00:19:09,840
satellite data

588
00:19:14,870 --> 00:19:12,960
include the great lakes

589
00:19:16,150 --> 00:19:14,880
yes so we do have some observations over

590
00:19:18,710 --> 00:19:16,160
the great lakes um

591
00:19:19,990 --> 00:19:18,720
i can't necessarily speak to those i i

592
00:19:21,350 --> 00:19:20,000
haven't looked at them myself but the

593
00:19:22,870 --> 00:19:21,360
satellites

594
00:19:24,630 --> 00:19:22,880
and the altimeters there is a certain

595
00:19:26,870 --> 00:19:24,640
amount of work being done looking at

596
00:19:28,470 --> 00:19:26,880
at the great lakes um again as we go

597
00:19:30,150 --> 00:19:28,480
forward into some of the future missions

598
00:19:31,590 --> 00:19:30,160
the swat mission for instance

599
00:19:33,350 --> 00:19:31,600
um and so some of the other future

600
00:19:34,549 --> 00:19:33,360
satellites that we're launching um we're

601
00:19:35,510 --> 00:19:34,559
going to get much better views of some

602
00:19:39,029 --> 00:19:35,520
of these inland

603
00:19:41,669 --> 00:19:39,039
um water bodies

604
00:19:42,789 --> 00:19:41,679
that's great and forza jersey on youtube

605
00:19:45,110 --> 00:19:42,799
is asking

606
00:19:47,590 --> 00:19:45,120
how long do our coastal cities have to

607
00:19:49,190 --> 00:19:47,600
adapt

608
00:19:51,190 --> 00:19:49,200
yeah that's an interesting question i

609
00:19:53,029 --> 00:19:51,200
mean it's somewhat of a

610
00:19:55,750 --> 00:19:53,039
case-by-case basis i mean for for

611
00:19:57,669 --> 00:19:55,760
example norfolk where i lived previously

612
00:19:59,029 --> 00:19:57,679
people are still living very happily in

613
00:20:01,669 --> 00:19:59,039
norfolk i mean i'm

614
00:20:03,110 --> 00:20:01,679
certainly not a doom and gloom um a

615
00:20:05,270 --> 00:20:03,120
representation of life

616
00:20:06,950 --> 00:20:05,280
in norfolk and these coastal communities

617
00:20:08,789 --> 00:20:06,960
people often live there because they

618
00:20:10,710 --> 00:20:08,799
like the water so it's it's a matter of

619
00:20:12,789 --> 00:20:10,720
trying to understand how to adapt and

620
00:20:14,789 --> 00:20:12,799
still successfully live with that water

621
00:20:16,390 --> 00:20:14,799
going forward um that being said the

622
00:20:17,990 --> 00:20:16,400
adaptation strategies for

623
00:20:19,430 --> 00:20:18,000
a city like norfolk for instance are not

624
00:20:22,070 --> 00:20:19,440
going to be the same for other

625
00:20:23,590 --> 00:20:22,080
areas in other areas you may have to

626
00:20:25,590 --> 00:20:23,600
talk about coastal migration so moving

627
00:20:27,270 --> 00:20:25,600
away from the coastline

628
00:20:29,830 --> 00:20:27,280
or out sorry migration moving away from

629
00:20:32,549 --> 00:20:29,840
the coastline

630
00:20:33,110 --> 00:20:32,559
it's it's not a one-size-fits-all answer

631
00:20:34,710 --> 00:20:33,120
to that

632
00:20:36,549 --> 00:20:34,720
um with the satellites we actually do

633
00:20:38,470 --> 00:20:36,559
get a good view of how

634
00:20:39,590 --> 00:20:38,480
sea level rise varies regionally so

635
00:20:41,350 --> 00:20:39,600
again it's not equal

636
00:20:42,870 --> 00:20:41,360
everywhere some areas are experiencing

637
00:20:43,750 --> 00:20:42,880
sea level rise at faster rates than

638
00:20:45,909 --> 00:20:43,760
others

639
00:20:48,310 --> 00:20:45,919
as an example so in the western tropical

640
00:20:49,830 --> 00:20:48,320
pacific some of those low-lying islands

641
00:20:51,669 --> 00:20:49,840
over the past three decades they've seen

642
00:20:53,510 --> 00:20:51,679
very high rates of sea level rise

643
00:20:55,270 --> 00:20:53,520
we've measured those with the altimeters

644
00:20:56,070 --> 00:20:55,280
on the other hand off the u.s west coast

645
00:20:58,070 --> 00:20:56,080
we've seen

646
00:20:59,510 --> 00:20:58,080
lower than the global average sea level

647
00:21:01,029 --> 00:20:59,520
rise so it's been kind of suppressed by

648
00:21:04,230 --> 00:21:01,039
different climate signals that are

649
00:21:06,070 --> 00:21:04,240
that are present in the ocean um so

650
00:21:07,270 --> 00:21:06,080
again that's it's it's hard to answer

651
00:21:09,510 --> 00:21:07,280
that question um

652
00:21:10,950 --> 00:21:09,520
certainly there's local planners the the

653
00:21:11,350 --> 00:21:10,960
planning efforts are done on a local

654
00:21:15,029 --> 00:21:11,360
level

655
00:21:16,549 --> 00:21:15,039
trying to understand how to adapt to um

656
00:21:18,789 --> 00:21:16,559
the the sea level rise they may see in

657
00:21:21,350 --> 00:21:18,799
the future

658
00:21:22,070 --> 00:21:21,360
thanks and then we have a last question

659
00:21:24,950 --> 00:21:22,080
here from

660
00:21:26,390 --> 00:21:24,960
ramirez on facebook who is asking will

661
00:21:28,950 --> 00:21:26,400
the satellites measure the

662
00:21:29,430 --> 00:21:28,960
average or instantaneous values of water

663
00:21:35,270 --> 00:21:29,440
height

664
00:21:37,270 --> 00:21:35,280
and can they predict storms and tsunamis

665
00:21:38,470 --> 00:21:37,280
yeah so um those are those are good

666
00:21:41,510 --> 00:21:38,480
questions so

667
00:21:43,110 --> 00:21:41,520
the satellites fly over overhead and

668
00:21:44,630 --> 00:21:43,120
they basically take a measurement

669
00:21:46,149 --> 00:21:44,640
directly below the satellite at any

670
00:21:48,390 --> 00:21:46,159
given time so we're constantly taking

671
00:21:50,230 --> 00:21:48,400
these observations these measurements

672
00:21:52,149 --> 00:21:50,240
over 10 days we can build these up to

673
00:21:53,590 --> 00:21:52,159
have a global map so we still have some

674
00:21:56,310 --> 00:21:53,600
space between the tracks

675
00:21:57,510 --> 00:21:56,320
along which the satellites are measuring

676
00:21:59,669 --> 00:21:57,520
so

677
00:22:00,789 --> 00:21:59,679
um again over time we can build up this

678
00:22:02,230 --> 00:22:00,799
measurement and

679
00:22:04,149 --> 00:22:02,240
what we can do is average these

680
00:22:05,110 --> 00:22:04,159
observations that are taken at an

681
00:22:06,630 --> 00:22:05,120
instant in time

682
00:22:08,710 --> 00:22:06,640
and then try to get an understanding of

683
00:22:10,070 --> 00:22:08,720
how the ocean is changing over longer

684
00:22:11,590 --> 00:22:10,080
time scale so

685
00:22:13,350 --> 00:22:11,600
there's an important metric that we call

686
00:22:15,110 --> 00:22:13,360
global mean sea level we take all these

687
00:22:16,630 --> 00:22:15,120
observations every 10 days we average

688
00:22:17,270 --> 00:22:16,640
them together and we have a single

689
00:22:19,350 --> 00:22:17,280
measurement

690
00:22:21,270 --> 00:22:19,360
for the ocean and you stack these up

691
00:22:24,230 --> 00:22:21,280
over time and you get an idea of how

692
00:22:25,510 --> 00:22:24,240
global sea level is changing over the

693
00:22:27,110 --> 00:22:25,520
satellite record so

694
00:22:28,870 --> 00:22:27,120
the rate of global mean sea level change

695
00:22:31,029 --> 00:22:28,880
is a little over three millimeters per

696
00:22:32,789 --> 00:22:31,039
year since 1992 so we can make that

697
00:22:33,430 --> 00:22:32,799
measurement by stacking up and averaging

698
00:22:35,669 --> 00:22:33,440
all these

699
00:22:37,029 --> 00:22:35,679
these instantaneous measurements in

700
00:22:39,750 --> 00:22:37,039
terms of

701
00:22:40,549 --> 00:22:39,760
storms and tsunamis so yes we can

702
00:22:42,470 --> 00:22:40,559
certainly

703
00:22:43,990 --> 00:22:42,480
use our observations from the satellites

704
00:22:46,789 --> 00:22:44,000
for both of those

705
00:22:48,789 --> 00:22:46,799
um actually one of my phd topics one of

706
00:22:50,470 --> 00:22:48,799
my thesis topics was trying to observe

707
00:22:51,669 --> 00:22:50,480
tsunamis in the open ocean using

708
00:22:53,350 --> 00:22:51,679
altimeters it's a little bit of a

709
00:22:54,950 --> 00:22:53,360
difficult problem giving all the other

710
00:22:57,190 --> 00:22:54,960
types of ocean signals that are there

711
00:22:58,070 --> 00:22:57,200
but we can see these types of features

712
00:23:00,470 --> 00:22:58,080
in the ocean

713
00:23:02,710 --> 00:23:00,480
and certainly um sentinel 6a michael

714
00:23:04,630 --> 00:23:02,720
freilick is going to be useful for

715
00:23:06,390 --> 00:23:04,640
helping to forecast and understand the

716
00:23:08,549 --> 00:23:06,400
development of storms and hurricanes in

717
00:23:10,470 --> 00:23:08,559
the ocean

718
00:23:11,909 --> 00:23:10,480
great thank you so much ben that's all

719
00:23:13,430 --> 00:23:11,919
the time we have for questions today and

720
00:23:14,789 --> 00:23:13,440
thank you for everyone online who

721
00:23:18,549 --> 00:23:14,799
submitted their questions

722
00:23:24,230 --> 00:23:21,669
thanks for having me of course the

723
00:23:26,470 --> 00:23:24,240
sentinel 6 michael phyllic satellite is

724
00:23:28,310 --> 00:23:26,480
truly an international collaboration

725
00:23:29,909 --> 00:23:28,320
it is being jointly developed by the

726
00:23:32,470 --> 00:23:29,919
european space agency

727
00:23:34,390 --> 00:23:32,480
nasa the european organization for the

728
00:23:35,350 --> 00:23:34,400
exploitation of meteorological

729
00:23:37,669 --> 00:23:35,360
satellites

730
00:23:39,029 --> 00:23:37,679
and the national oceanic and atmospheric

731
00:23:41,430 --> 00:23:39,039
administration

732
00:23:42,070 --> 00:23:41,440
with funding support from the european

733
00:23:44,070 --> 00:23:42,080
commission

734
00:23:45,590 --> 00:23:44,080
and technical support from the french

735
00:23:48,230 --> 00:23:45,600
space agency

736
00:23:50,390 --> 00:23:48,240
caness now the sentinel 6 michael

737
00:23:51,830 --> 00:23:50,400
freilix satellite is scheduled to launch

738
00:23:53,909 --> 00:23:51,840
on november 10th

739
00:23:55,350 --> 00:23:53,919
and for the latest on the mission follow

740
00:23:58,470 --> 00:23:55,360
at nasa earth

741
00:24:00,310 --> 00:23:58,480
on twitter facebook and instagram you

742
00:24:03,350 --> 00:24:00,320
can watch all the behind the spacecraft

743
00:24:04,230 --> 00:24:03,360
video profiles on the nasa 360 youtube

744
00:24:06,710 --> 00:24:04,240
channel

745
00:24:09,430 --> 00:24:06,720
and we will be doing q a's with sentinel

746
00:24:11,990 --> 00:24:09,440
6 michael freilix satellite team members

747
00:24:13,750 --> 00:24:12,000
each wednesday afternoon so please

748
00:24:15,190 --> 00:24:13,760
follow and subscribe for those

749
00:24:18,230 --> 00:24:15,200
notifications

750
00:24:19,350 --> 00:24:18,240
and at nasa earth science your home is